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Programming, or writing code, is how you instruct a computer to perform some operation. If you've never written code before, you're probably used to interacting with a computer by clicking on things in an existing app. Under the hood, this app consists of code that tells the computer how to display the application, where to store or retrieve data, and how to react to your clicks.

All of programming is based on the principles of computer science...[It's] an essential part of learning computer science by applying the new way of thinking. However, by itself, programming is not nearly as general purpose.

Now, just because a technology is ubiquitous doesn't mean you have to study it in school. For example, we all fly in airplanes, but getting your pilot's license is not part of the K-12 curriculum.

However, the tools you need to understand how to think about flying are part of the curriculum:

• Physics and math help you understand gravity, forces, pressure, velocity, friction, and lift.
• Biology teaches you what happens to the human body at high altitudes, with limited oxygen, and extreme cold.
• History explains how the airplane was developed, how it evolved, and its role in travel, commerce, and warfare.

By the time you graduate high school, you have an idea of what a plane is, how it works, and how to use it safely. General purpose classes like physics, math, biology, and history teach you how to think about a wide variety of topics, including airplanes; this is in contrast to a class that teaches you how to use a tool, such as how to fly one specific type of airplane.

For the same reason, we should focus on teaching computer science and not just coding: the former is a general purpose way of thinking, whereas the latter is a specific tool.